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Parasite and vector circadian clocks mediate efficient malaria transmission.

Inês Bento1, Brianna A Parrington2, Rushlenne Pascual2

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Mosquito salivary glands show daily rhythms, influencing blood feeding and parasite activity. This suggests a circadian interplay between mosquitoes, malaria parasites, and hosts impacts disease transmission.

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Area of Science:

  • Vector biology
  • Parasitology
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Malaria transmission relies on Anopheles mosquito bloodmeals, which occur nocturnally.
  • The role of circadian control in mosquito salivary glands and parasite development is largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate circadian control in Anopheles salivary glands.
  • To determine if Plasmodium parasite development within the vector is under circadian regulation.
  • To explore the tripartite relationship between mosquito vectors, malaria parasites, and mammalian hosts.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptome analysis of mosquito salivary glands.
  • Measurement of hemoglobin levels to assess bloodmeal intake.
  • Analysis of Plasmodium parasite gene expression within the mosquito.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 50% of the mosquito salivary gland transcriptome exhibits circadian expression, including genes for blood feeding.
  • Mosquitoes exhibit increased blood feeding and hemoglobin intake during nighttime hours.
  • A significant portion of salivary gland-resident Plasmodium parasite genes show daily rhythmic expression, impacting motility and infectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Mosquito salivary glands are under circadian control, optimizing blood feeding.
  • Plasmodium parasites exhibit circadian regulation within the vector, influencing transmission timing.
  • A complex circadian relationship exists between the Anopheles mosquito, Plasmodium parasite, and mammalian host, modulating malaria transmission dynamics.