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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2025

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

Spontaneous Mind Wandering and Smartphone Use.

Lara L Jones¹, Gregory A Norville¹, Zachary I Wunder²

¹Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.

Psychological Reports

|April 1, 2025

Summary

Mind wandering often triggers smartphone use, especially for social interactions. Online vigilance, a preoccupation with the digital world, fuels this behavior, particularly during spontaneous thoughts.

Keywords:

mind wandering mindfulness online vigilance permanently online permanently connected smartphone use social media

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Last Updated: May 16, 2025

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

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Published on: April 30, 2020

An Application for Pairing with Wearable Devices to Monitor Personal Health Status

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Published on: February 3, 2022

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Published on: July 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Psychology
Human-Computer Interaction
Cognitive Science

Background:

The Permanently Online, Permanently Connected (POPC) framework posits that individuals use smartphones to address thoughts arising during mind wandering.
Online vigilance, a cognitive preoccupation with the online world, is theorized to increase smartphone usage.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between mind wandering, online vigilance, and social smartphone use.
To test the predictions of the POPC framework regarding smartphone engagement.

Main Methods:

A study involving 188 U.S. undergraduate students.
Utilized iPhone-recorded data for social smartphone use.
Differentiated between spontaneous and deliberate mind wandering.

Main Results:

Online vigilance and social smartphone use were more strongly associated with spontaneous than deliberate mind wandering.
Online vigilance mediated the link between spontaneous mind wandering and social smartphone use.
This mediation effect was not significant for individuals high in trait mindfulness.

Conclusions:

Findings support the POPC framework, indicating that online vigilance and spontaneous mind wandering predict and are predicted by social smartphone use.
Spontaneous mind wandering may often involve thoughts related to online engagement.
Mindfulness may moderate the relationship between mind wandering, online vigilance, and smartphone use.