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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2025

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking
07:00

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Spontaneous Mind Wandering and Smartphone Use.

Lara L Jones1, Gregory A Norville1, Zachary I Wunder2

  • 1Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.

Psychological Reports
|April 1, 2025
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Summary

Mind wandering often triggers smartphone use, especially for social interactions. Online vigilance, a preoccupation with the digital world, fuels this behavior, particularly during spontaneous thoughts.

Keywords:
mind wanderingmindfulnessonline vigilancepermanently online permanently connectedsmartphone usesocial media

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The Permanently Online, Permanently Connected (POPC) framework posits that individuals use smartphones to address thoughts arising during mind wandering.
  • Online vigilance, a cognitive preoccupation with the online world, is theorized to increase smartphone usage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between mind wandering, online vigilance, and social smartphone use.
  • To test the predictions of the POPC framework regarding smartphone engagement.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 188 U.S. undergraduate students.
  • Utilized iPhone-recorded data for social smartphone use.
  • Differentiated between spontaneous and deliberate mind wandering.

Main Results:

  • Online vigilance and social smartphone use were more strongly associated with spontaneous than deliberate mind wandering.
  • Online vigilance mediated the link between spontaneous mind wandering and social smartphone use.
  • This mediation effect was not significant for individuals high in trait mindfulness.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the POPC framework, indicating that online vigilance and spontaneous mind wandering predict and are predicted by social smartphone use.
  • Spontaneous mind wandering may often involve thoughts related to online engagement.
  • Mindfulness may moderate the relationship between mind wandering, online vigilance, and smartphone use.