Precision nutrition: Is tailor‑made dietary intervention a reality yet? (Review)

Precision nutrition (PN) is an emerging field of science recognizing the variability in how individuals respond to different nutrients, driven by their unique biological makeup. The central aim of PN is to tailor dietary interventions to improve individual health, prevent disease and manage existing health conditions based on specific biological characteristics. The present review aimed to provide an overview of available multi-omics platforms that can be applied to extracting data from biological materials in the context of PN. Additionally, it proposed an updated pipeline for handling and integrating these data. A comprehensive search of academic publications was conducted across multiple databases, focusing on recent advances in PN, including its challenges and opportunities. Following this preparatory step, a data handling protocol for different omics layers was compiled to develop an up-to-date multi-omics pipeline applicable to PN. The successful implementation of PN requires a systems-level understanding of human physiological networks, their plasticity, variations in response to dietary exposures and the ability to classify population subgroups based on their nutritional needs. The realization of PN may currently seem distant due to several limitations such as the lack of ongoing large-scale epidemiological studies, challenges in database curation, the high cost of omics analysis and ethical concerns. A key advancement to this field would be the development of next-generation biomarkers connecting nutrition to chronic diseases. These biomarkers would help classify individuals at risk of diet-related conditions and quantify the dose-response relationships between individuals or groups of interacting nutrients and the onset and progression of diseases.