Psoriasis: A Multidimensional Review of Onset, Progression, Treatment, and the Evolution of Disease Models

Psoriasis is a widespread chronic inflammatory skin disease. Recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of psoriasis have unveiled numerous potential therapeutic targets. However, the complex nature of psoriasis, coupled with the limitations of current research methodologies, diagnostic techniques, and gaps in knowledge, contributes to the variability in treatment efficacy among patients, recurrence following drug cessation, and therapeutic failures. Emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, multi-omics approaches, novel modeling systems such as skin organoids, and precision medicine, are being explored to address these challenges. This review explores the latest findings in genetics, cytology, microbiology, metabolism, and molecular biology related to psoriasis pathogenesis, development, and recurrence to improve the understanding of psoriasis and find new therapeutic directions and targets. It updates the psoriasis models, diagnostic methods, and treatment while comparing their characteristics and limitations. It also provides new biomarkers and indicators to assist diagnosis and treatment. Along with traditional drugs, it explores emerging targeted drugs, cell therapies, nutrition management, microbial therapy, and traditional Chinese medicine in advancing personalized, precision medicine for psoriasis.