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Related Concept Videos

The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

The Behavioral Perspective on Personality

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).
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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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Two views on criminal behavior.

Ambika Natarajan1

  • 1Visiting Faculty, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, B706 Everard Towers, E.E. Highway, Sion (E), 400022, Mumbai, India. nasa7ambika@gmail.com.

Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|April 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Vienna

Area of Science:

  • Forensic medicine
  • Criminalistics
  • Medical criminalistics

Background:

  • Vienna emerged as a leading center for medical criminalistics in the late 19th century.
  • Criminologists investigated physiological differences between criminals and non-criminals to explain behavior.
  • Moriz Benedikt's work was significant in this field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of serial killer cases in the development of forensic medicine and criminalistics in Vienna.
  • To analyze the impact of specific criminal cases on scientific advancements in criminology.

Main Methods:

  • Historical analysis of criminal cases and criminological research from the late 19th century.
  • Examination of the influence of Moriz Benedikt's work and related studies.
Keywords:
CriminalisticsMoriz BenediktSchenkSchneiderVienna

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  • Review of the societal and scientific context of Vienna during this period.

    • Main Results:

    • Gruesome serial killer cases targeting maidservants significantly influenced the rise of forensic medicine and criminalistics.
    • These cases provided impetus for research into physiological differences and criminal behavior.
    • Vienna's prominence in medical criminalistics was bolstered by these investigations.

    Conclusions:

    • The study highlights the crucial role of high-profile criminal cases in advancing forensic science.
    • It underscores the historical link between criminal investigations and the development of medical criminalistics in Vienna.
    • The findings emphasize how societal events can shape scientific progress in criminology.