A Review of Progress of Pretreatment and Analysis Methods for Insulinotropic Agents in Complex Matrices

Insulinotropic agents are a common class of antihyperglycemic drugs. Insulinotropic agents mainly include glinides and sulfonylureas. Because it can reduce postprandial blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes, it has been widely used in clinical practice. However, the rate of metabolism of such drugs varies in different patients, and doctors need to optimize treatment according to the metabolism of the drug in the patient's body. Therefore, there is a need to establish rapid, environmentally friendly, and effective techniques for the analysis of insulinotropic agents in substances, such as biological samples. In this paper, the pretreatment and analysis methods for insulinotropic agents in various samples since 2014 were summarized in detail. Pretreatment techniques encompass liquid-liquid extraction, liquid phase microextraction, solid phase extraction, and solid phase microextraction, with the latter, particularly when employing innovative nanomaterials, showcasing heightened extraction efficiency and expedited enrichment times. Analytical methodologies encompass liquid chromatography-based techniques, sensor approaches, among others. Notably, electrochemical sensors harnessing novel materials have significantly enhanced detection sensitivity. Furthermore, the review comprehensively examines technologies and materials aligned with green chemistry principles, highlighting future research avenues for the eco-friendly pretreatment and detection methodologies of insulinotropic agents.