Hand hygiene
Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps
Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps
Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures
Standard Precaution
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Updated: May 16, 2025

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens
Published on: June 7, 2017
Ariel Kamen1, Rebecca Clark, Michelle B Bass
1Author Affiliations: Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Miss Kamen and Dr Clark); Center for Evidence-based Practice, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Miss Kamen, Drs Clark, Mull, and Mitchell); Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Hospital System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Drs Clark, Bass, Ms Fonshell); Division of Hospital Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Drs Holland and Mull); Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Dr O'Donnell); Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Dr O'Donnell) .
Patient hand hygiene (PHH) before meals is under-researched. Current evidence is insufficient to link PHH interventions to reduced healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), indicating a need for more studies.
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