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Characterising bulk-driven acoustic streaming in air.

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High-powered ultrasound creates acoustic streaming jets in air. A focused array at 40 kHz produced stronger flows (0.2 m/s) than a Langevin horn (0.15 m/s) due to higher attenuation.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Acoustics
  • Non-linear Acoustics

Background:

  • Acoustic streaming is a phenomenon where sound waves induce fluid motion.
  • High-intensity ultrasound can generate significant bulk fluid flows.
  • Understanding these flows is crucial for applications in microfluidics and particle manipulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure and characterize acoustic streaming flows generated by two different high-power ultrasonic sources in air.
  • To compare the effectiveness of a Langevin horn and a focused transducer array in generating acoustic streaming.
  • To validate experimental findings against a numerical model.

Main Methods:

  • Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure time-averaged acoustic streaming velocities.
  • Two ultrasonic sources were employed: a Langevin horn (≈27 kHz) and a focused transducer array (40 kHz).
  • A numerical model based on weak non-linearity was used for comparison.

Main Results:

  • Acoustic streaming flows were observed as jets propagating in the direction of acoustic energy.
  • The focused array (40 kHz) generated higher maximum velocities (≈0.2 m/s) compared to the Langevin horn (≈0.15 m/s).
  • The shape of the acoustic field influenced the streaming velocity field, with the focused array producing a more concentrated jet.

Conclusions:

  • Higher driving frequencies and focused acoustic fields lead to stronger acoustic streaming due to increased attenuation.
  • The numerical model provided good qualitative and reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental PIV results.
  • This study demonstrates the controllable nature of acoustic streaming for potential applications.