Effects of smoking behavior on lung metastasis in the All of Us Research Program

Smoking may be associated with an increased risk of lung metastasis in cancers of non-lung origin. We leverage survey and electronic health record data from the diverse All of Us Research Program (AoURP) database to investigate whether smoking and smoking-related behaviors increase the risk of lung metastasis in non-lung primary cancers. The results suggest that cigarette use, measured by four continuous variables, does not increase the risk of lung metastasis in seven common cancer types but demonstrates a small significant effect in a cohort including all types of cancer in the database in both univariable and multivariable analyses. An increased odds ratio of electronic smoke use in patients with lung metastasis was seen in multivariable analyses of the all cancer (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.04-1.59, P = 0.02) and liver cancer (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.06-2.28, P = 0.02) groups. After adjusting for estimated cigarette pack years in the multivariable model, the result remained significant for liver cancer (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.02-2.47, P = 0.04) but not the all cancer cohort. These results warrant further inquiry and suggest that smoking and e-cigarettes may be associated with lung metastasis risk in patients with non-lung tumors.