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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells
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Thyroid membrane involvement in rheumatoid nodules: a rare finding.

Joana Dias1, Ana Isabel Pereira1, Francisco Alves Sousa1

  • 1Unidade Local de Saúde de Santo António.

ARP Rheumatology
|April 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A rare rheumatoid nodule, an extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), mimicked cancer in a cervical mass. Recognizing rheumatoid nodules can prevent unnecessary surgeries in RA patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Pathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting joints.
  • Extra-articular manifestations of RA can occur, sometimes presenting as unusual masses.
  • Cervical masses in RA patients often raise concerns for malignancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of a deep cervical rheumatoid nodule mimicking malignancy.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering rheumatoid nodules in the differential diagnosis of cervical masses in RA patients.

Main Methods:

  • Case presentation of a 76-year-old woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Diagnostic imaging revealing a hypermetabolic cervical lesion.
  • Surgical excision and histopathological examination of the lesion.

Main Results:

  • Histopathology confirmed the cervical lesion to be a rheumatoid nodule.
  • The patient's constitutional symptoms were attributed to rheumatoid arthritis and cognitive decline.
  • Malignancy was ruled out.

Conclusions:

  • Rheumatoid nodules are a rare but important differential diagnosis for cervical masses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Early recognition can prevent misdiagnosis and unnecessary surgical interventions.
  • This case underscores the diverse presentations of rheumatoid arthritis extra-articular manifestations.