Unlocking the Potential of Nanostructured ZnO on PPC Membranes: High-Throughput Synthesis, Morphology Tailoring, and...

The development of nanostructured ZnO (nano-ZnO) with tailored morphologies is critical for creating effective antibacterial materials. This study introduces a high-throughput platform for the in situ synthesis of PPC/nano-ZnO composites, enabling precise control over the morphology of nano-ZnO to optimize antibacterial performance. By leveraging electrospinning, heat treatment, and hydrothermal synthesis, we fabricated diverse nano-ZnO structures, including nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanoflowers, on PPC nanofiber membranes. The large experimental data set generated through high-throughput synthesis facilitated the creation of a phase diagram that correlates key synthetic parameters, such as Zn²⁺ concentration, heat treatment temperature, and hydrothermal conditions, with nano-ZnO morphology and antibacterial efficacy. Tailoring the morphology of nano-ZnO is essential for maximizing antibacterial activity, and our results demonstrate that nanorods exhibit the highest efficacy against due to their enhanced surface area and physical penetration capabilities. Phase diagram analysis revealed that increased Zn precursor concentrations promoted the growth of rod- and flower-like structures, which were linked to superior antibacterial performance. The sample with the highest antibacterial efficacy showed a maximum inhibition zone of 17.88 mm. A mechanistic model suggests that the mechanical disruption of bacterial membranes by sharp nano-ZnO structures is a key contributor to antibacterial action. This work underscores the significance of morphology control in designing effective antibacterial nanomaterials and provides a systematic approach to optimizing their properties.