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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

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Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2025

Evaluation of Patients' Posture and Gait Profile After Lumbar Fusion Surgery by Video Rasterstereography and Treadmill Gait Analysis
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Evaluation of Patients' Posture and Gait Profile After Lumbar Fusion Surgery by Video Rasterstereography and Treadmill Gait Analysis

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The triadic relationship between spinal posture, loading, and degeneration.

Marie-Rosa Fasser1,2, Pascal R Furrer3, Luca Fisler3

  • 1Spine Biomechanics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
|April 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal alignment impacts lumbar spine degeneration. Straight spines may harm discs due to high loads, while curved spines can stress posterior structures, influenced by weight and posture.

Keywords:
musculoskeletal modelingspine biomechanicsspine degenerationspine loadingspinopelvic alignment

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Last Updated: May 16, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics
  • Spinal Health

Background:

  • Lumbar spine degeneration affects intervertebral discs and facet joints.
  • Posture and mass distribution influence spinal load and disease.
  • Sagittal balance parameters are associated with lumbar spine degeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Systematically summarize associations between sagittal balance and lumbar spine degeneration.
  • Elucidate the link between spine load, alignment, and demographic factors.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search on PubMed for studies on spinal alignment and lumbar pathologies.
  • Utilized a musculoskeletal model to analyze spinal alignment, subject characteristics, and joint loading in 144 subjects.

Main Results:

  • A straight spine may negatively impact disc health due to high compressive loads, influenced by body weight.
  • Facet degeneration and spondylolisthesis are linked to higher shear forces in more sagittally curved spines.
  • Intervertebral inclination and body weight are key factors in spinal structure wear.

Conclusions:

  • Spinal alignment significantly influences the type and location of lumbar spine degeneration.
  • Understanding these biomechanical relationships can inform conservative treatment and surgical planning for spinal conditions.