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Burden of acute and long-term COVID-19: a nationwide study in Bahrain

Mariam Murad1, Stephen L Atkin1, Pearl Wasif1

  • 1Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Al Muharraq, Bahrain.

Frontiers in Public Health
|April 2, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Post-COVID-19 conditions (PCC) affect over 1,000 individuals, particularly older women with risk factors. Vaccination is crucial to prevent SARS-CoV-2 complications and post-COVID-19 conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can result in long-term health issues, known as sequelae.
  • Understanding the acute and post-acute impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential for public health strategies.
  • Identifying populations at higher risk for post-COVID-19 conditions (PCC) is critical for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the acute and post-acute burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection within the Bahraini population.
  • To identify demographic and clinical factors associated with the development of post-COVID-19 conditions.
  • To analyze the incidence and mortality rates of acute COVID-19 and PCC during different pandemic surges.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective observational study was conducted using the national administrative database in Bahrain from May 2021 to April 2023.
  • Post-COVID-19 condition cases were identified based on World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.
  • All COVID-19 cases were confirmed via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing.

Main Results:

  • Out of 13,067 COVID-19 cases, 1,045 developed PCC. Individuals with PCC were often older women with pre-existing risk factors and a history of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.
  • Incidence rates for PCC increased significantly from the Alpha to Omicron surges (0.27 to 19.3 per 100,000).
  • Mortality rates were highest in individuals aged 65 and older during the Delta surge for both acute COVID-19 and PCC.

Conclusions:

  • Timely national vaccination programs are recommended before new COVID-19 surges to mitigate complications.
  • Vaccination can help prevent severe outcomes and post-COVID-19 conditions, especially in vulnerable populations.
  • Focusing on older adults and individuals with risk factors is key to reducing the burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its sequelae.
Abstract

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2long COVID-19 diseasepneumoniarespiratory disease

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