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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

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In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
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Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction01:09

Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction

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Wolff–Kishner reduction involves converting aldehydes and ketones to alkanes using hydrazine and a base. The reaction converts a carbonyl group to a methylene group. The method was independently discovered by N. Kishner in 1911 and L. Wolff in 1912. The reduction is carried out in high-boiling solvents such as ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol because heat is required to deprotonate the N–H proton in one of the reaction steps.             ...
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Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
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Operando Exploration of CoAl-LDH: Transformations Driving Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Mattia Cattelan1,2,3, Jijin Yang1, Leonardo Cielo1

  • 1Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

During oxygen evolution reactions, CoAl layered double hydroxide (CoAl-LDH) transforms via aluminum leaching into an active cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) phase. Operando methods reveal nanoscale structural changes crucial for electrocatalyst design.

Keywords:
layered double hydroxideoperando AFMoperando NEXAFSoperando characterizationsoxygen evolution reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising electrocatalysts.
  • Understanding in-situ transformations is vital for optimizing performance.
  • CoAl-LDH is a model system for studying OER mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the morphological, compositional, and electronic structure evolution of CoAl-LDH during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).
  • To elucidate the nanoscale mechanisms of electrocatalyst activation and deactivation.
  • To demonstrate the utility of operando techniques for tracking dynamic changes in electrocatalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Operando near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy.
  • Electrochemical atomic force microscopy (AFM).
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Main Results:

  • CoAl-LDH fragments into smaller particles due to Al leaching under OER conditions.
  • A resting phase with an average Co oxidation state of 2.5+ is formed.
  • This resting phase transforms into the active β-CoOOH phase at higher potentials.
  • Operando methods reveal nanoscale structural transformations and element dissolution, contrasting with ex-situ analyses suggesting Co3O4 formation.

Conclusions:

  • Selective cation leaching, recrystallization, and morphological restructuring are key mechanisms in electrocatalyst activation and durability.
  • Operando techniques provide unprecedented insights into the dynamic nanoscale processes governing electrocatalyst function.
  • These findings are critical for designing advanced multi-element materials and understanding practical electrocatalyst behavior.