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Composition of Brazilian and Chinese Propolis for Patch Testing.

Evelyn Calta1, Anton de Groot2, Emma M van Oers3

  • 1Kurt Kitzing GmbH, Wallerstein, Germany.

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Summary

Patch testing reveals significant differences in reactivity between Brazilian and Chinese propolis. Chemical analysis confirms distinct volatile compositions, suggesting this may explain varying allergic responses.

Keywords:
2‐phenethyl alcoholBrazilian propolisChinese propolisGC–MSchemical analysiscinnamyl alcoholgas chromatographyguaiolheadspace SPMEhydrocinnamic acid

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Dermatology
  • Natural Products Chemistry

Background:

  • Patch testing in Amsterdam (2024) showed high positive reactions (>20%) to Brazilian propolis versus low reactivity (3.5%) to Chinese propolis.
  • Differences in propolis composition were hypothesized as the cause for varying patch test results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the chemical composition of Brazilian and Chinese propolis samples used in commercial allergy testing.
  • To investigate how different enrichment times affect the qualitative and quantitative composition of Brazilian propolis.

Main Methods:

  • Volatile components of propolis samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection (GC-MS/FID).
  • Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was employed to obtain volatile compounds for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Significant compositional differences were identified between Brazilian and Chinese propolis samples.
  • Brazilian propolis was rich in hydrocinnamic acid (16.9%), (E)-nerolidol (7.41%), spathulenol (5.45%), and junenol (4.01%).
  • Chinese propolis contained major compounds such as (E)-cinnamyl alcohol (8.08-24.96%), 2-phenethyl alcohol (8.93-11.25%), α-curcumene (8.77-8.81%), and guaiol (5.96-5.72%).

Conclusions:

  • The volatile chemical profiles of Brazilian and Chinese propolis used in patch testing are markedly different.
  • Further research is required to determine if these compositional variations are responsible for the observed differences in patch test reactivity.