Angle dependence of ultrasonic backscatter in arterial tissues: a study in vitro

The object of this study was to obtain quantitative data on the angle dependence of reflected ultrasound signals in freshly excised normal human arterial walls and those with different degrees of atherosclerotic involvement (fatty, fibrofatty, fibrous, or calcified). Fifteen specimens were evaluated in each pathologic subset. The backscatter coefficient (BS, expressed as cm-1 X steradians -1), measured at the single frequency of 10 MHz, was evaluated at a normal angle of incidence of the interrogating beam to the tissue sample and over an angular span of 60 degrees (+/- 30 degrees around normal incidence, 2 degree steps). BS measured at normal incidence separated normal (10(-2) X 0.155 +/- 0.018; mean +/- SE) from fibrofatty (10(-1) X 0.0103 +/- 0.008), fibrous (10(-1) X 0.182 +/- 0.016), and calcified (0.202 +/- 0.016) specimens; normal and fatty (10(-3) X 0.759 +/- 0.142) and fibrofatty and fibrous samples could not be distinguished from each other in a statistically significant way. Angular scattering measurements identified two patterns: A "directive" pattern, characterized by a strongly angle-dependent BS that falls abruptly when the beam is moved slightly away from normal incidence. This pattern was typical of calcified, fibrous, and less markedly, fibrofatty and normal samples. A "nondirective" pattern, characterized by a BS that is not significantly angle dependent and fluctuates throughout the entire angular range. This was typical of fatty samples.