Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.0K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.0K
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

4.9K
Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
4.9K
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

13.0K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
13.0K
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

9.0K
Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
9.0K
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

3.4K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
3.4K
Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

7.0K
The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
7.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cytoplasmic circular dsDNA is a key constituent of stress granules.

eLife·2026
Same author

Cytoplasmic circular dsDNA is a key constituent of stress granules.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Scaffolds with optimized quaternary symmetry for de novo cryoEM structure determination of small RNAs.

Nature methods·2026
Same author

The RNA thermometer motif ROSE-G regulates ABC transporter gene expression in bacteria.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2026
Same author

Functional Relevance of CASP16 Nucleic Acid Predictions as Evaluated by Structure Providers.

Proteins·2025
Same author

Structural basis for dual DNA and RNA specificity of the G-quadruplex-resolving DEAH-box helicase DHX36.

Cell reports·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2025

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
12:26

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

4.8K

Structural switching dynamically controls the doubly pseudoknotted Rous sarcoma virus-programmed ribosomal

Christopher P Jones1, Adrian R Ferré-D'Amaré1

  • 1Laboratory of Nucleic Acids, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-8012.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Programmed frameshifting in retroviruses, crucial for viral protein balance, is controlled by RNA structures. Researchers solved the 3D structure of a key frameshifting element, revealing a dynamic double-pseudoknot crucial for this process.

Keywords:
RNA structureX-raychemical probingcryoEMviral RNA

More Related Videos

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

3.4K
Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution
10:27

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Published on: July 8, 2019

6.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2025

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
12:26

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

4.8K
De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

3.4K
Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution
10:27

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Published on: July 8, 2019

6.2K

Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Virology
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Programmed -1 frameshifting is essential for retrovirus replication, controlling viral protein stoichiometry.
  • The 3D structure of the first discovered frameshifting stimulatory element from Rous sarcoma virus remained elusive for 40 years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the 3D structure of the Rous sarcoma virus frameshifting stimulatory element.
  • To elucidate the structure-function relationship of this element in regulating programmed frameshifting.

Main Methods:

  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM)
  • X-ray crystallography
  • Structure-function analyses

Main Results:

  • The RNA element adopts a butterfly-like double-pseudoknot fold.
  • A key purine residue (A2546) acts as a toggle, switching conformations and influencing frameshifting efficiency by up to 50-fold.
  • The structure reveals conformational heterogeneity and a dynamic junction.

Conclusions:

  • The dynamic double-pseudoknot structure stimulates frameshifting by utilizing conformational heterogeneity.
  • A multistate model, where high Shannon entropy enhances frameshifting, is supported.