Geopolymers prepared from industrial solid waste: Comprehensive properties and application prospects

Throughout industrial advancement, substantial quantities of industrial solid waste are produced, carrying significant potential for utilization. Utilizing such waste to prepare geopolymers represents a prevalent approach to resource recycling, offering promising applications in pollution adsorption and construction materials. This review delves into recent advancements in synthesizing industrial solid waste-based geopolymers (ISWGs) and scrutinizes their diverse functional attributes, such as compressive strength, porosity, water uptake, among others. Furthermore, it expounds upon the formation mechanisms of ISWGs derived from dual systems: (Si + Al) and (Si + Ca), furnishing fresh insights into the underlying mechanisms governing ISWGs. Notably, the study gives particular attention to the frost behavior during the fabrication of ISWGs, an aspect that is pivotal for the sustainable development of these materials. Lastly, the review underscores the prevailing challenges in the development of ISWGs composite materials and outlines prospective directions for future growth, grounded in prior research findings and extant obstacles.