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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
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Conventional oral drug products, termed immediate-release (IR) formulations, are engineered to promptly release their active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) upon ingestion, typically in tablets or capsules. This rapid release often results in swift drug absorption and consequent pharmacodynamic effects, although the timing and intensity can vary depending on the drug's properties. Prodrugs within these formulations require metabolic conversion to activate their pharmacodynamic effects,...
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Modified-release drug delivery systems improve drug efficacy and minimize side effects by controlling the rate and location of drug release. These systems fall into three categories: rate-programmed, stimuli-activated, and site-targeted.Rate-programmed systems release drugs at a predetermined rate, maintaining consistent therapeutic levels and reducing fluctuations that could lead to toxicity or subtherapeutic effects. These systems use polymeric matrices, reservoir-based designs, or osmotic...
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Stimuli-responsive delivery systems using carbohydrate polymers: A review.

Hossein Madineh1, Fatemeh Mansourinia1, Payam Zarrintaj2

  • 1Polymer Engineering Department, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|April 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Stimuli-responsive carbohydrate polymers like chitosan and cellulose offer advanced drug delivery. These biopolymers enable controlled release, targeting specific environments for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

Keywords:
Carbohydrate polymersDrug delivery systemsStimuli-responsive delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Carbohydrate polymers such as chitosan, cellulose, and alginate are recognized for their potential as stimuli-responsive biopolymers.
  • These materials can be engineered to respond to environmental cues like pH, temperature, and enzymatic activity.
  • Their unique properties make them highly suitable for sophisticated drug delivery applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of stimuli-responsive carbohydrate polymers in drug delivery.
  • To highlight the mechanisms by which these biopolymers facilitate controlled and targeted drug release.
  • To discuss the advancements and future directions in carbohydrate polymer-based drug delivery systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on stimuli-responsive carbohydrate polymers (chitosan, cellulose, alginate).
  • Analysis of different stimuli-responsive mechanisms (pH, temperature, light, redox, electro, magnetic).
  • Examination of how these mechanisms contribute to controlled and targeted drug release.

Main Results:

  • Stimuli-responsive biopolymers accelerate controlled drug release.
  • pH-responsive systems target acidic tumor microenvironments.
  • Temperature-responsive systems offer precise control via hyperthermia; light-responsive systems provide spatial/temporal control.
  • Redox-, electro-, and magnetic-responsive systems offer targeted release and remote control functionalities.
  • Multi-stimuli-responsive systems represent significant progress in drug delivery versatility.

Conclusions:

  • Stimuli-responsive carbohydrate polymers are effective for controlled and targeted drug delivery.
  • Optimizing polymer properties and integrating multifunctional moieties are crucial for future advancements.
  • Further research should focus on enhancing responsiveness and targeting efficacy for broader therapeutic applications.