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Can Ground Reaction Force Variables Preidentify the Probability of a Musculoskeletal Injury in Collegiate Distance

Harper E Stewart1, Ryan S Alcantara2, Kathryn A Farina3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Journal of Applied Biomechanics
|April 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Identifying injured collegiate distance runners is difficult. This study found that ground reaction force (GRF) variables outside normal ranges can predict lower extremity injuries in runners without impact peaks.

Keywords:
impactinjury probabilityloadingstress fracture

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Running Injury Prevention

Background:

  • Lower extremity injuries affect approximately 20% of collegiate distance runners annually.
  • Early identification of runners at risk for injury is crucial for timely intervention.
  • Ground reaction force (GRF) characteristics during running may offer insights into injury risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if specific GRF variables during steady-state running can identify collegiate distance runners prone to future lower extremity injuries.
  • To establish normative GRF boundaries for noninjured runners and compare injured runners against these standards.

Main Methods:

  • An exploratory, cross-institutional study analyzed 10 GRF variables during braking and propulsion in collegiate distance runners.
  • Normative boundaries were defined using median ± scaled median absolute deviation for noninjured runners.
  • Cliff's method, a nonparametric test, was used to compare GRF variables between injured and noninjured groups, with a subanalysis for runners with/without vertical GRF impact peaks.

Main Results:

  • Overall, no statistically significant difference was found in the number of GRF variables outside normative boundaries between injured and noninjured runners (P = .17).
  • However, injured runners *without* impact peaks exhibited significantly more GRF variables outside normative boundaries compared to noninjured runners (P < .001).
  • This suggests a specific subgroup of runners may be identifiable through GRF analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Standard GRF analysis may not universally identify all injured runners.
  • Collegiate distance runners *without* vertical impact peaks in their GRF may be identifiable as being at higher risk for lower extremity injury using this novel analytical approach.
  • This method shows potential for preidentifying at-risk runners for targeted injury prevention strategies.