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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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Updated: May 16, 2025

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
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The RAD52 double-ring remodels replication forks restricting fork reversal.

Masayoshi Honda1, Mortezaali Razzaghi1, Paras Gaur1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.

Nature
|April 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human RAD52 protein protects stalled DNA replication forks. This study reveals RAD52 remodels forks via strand exchange, forming a unique ring structure crucial for genome stability during replication stress.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • DNA Repair Mechanisms
  • Genome Stability

Background:

  • RAD52 is a key human DNA repair protein.
  • It protects stalled replication forks from degradation during replication stress.
  • The mechanism of RAD52's fork protection is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural and molecular mechanism of RAD52-mediated replication fork protection.
  • To investigate how RAD52 remodels stalled replication forks.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical analyses
  • Single-molecule analyses
  • P1 nuclease sensitivity assays
  • Mass photometry
  • Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy

Main Results:

  • RAD52 dynamically remodels replication forks through strand exchange activity.
  • RPA modulates strand exchange kinetics without altering the outcome.
  • A unique head-to-head arrangement of two RAD52 rings forms a nucleoprotein structure at the fork.
  • This structure possesses an extended positively charged surface accommodating the replication fork.

Conclusions:

  • The identified RAD52 structure is critical for its strand exchange activity.
  • This structure likely facilitates competition with SMARCAL1, preventing excessive fork degradation.
  • Findings provide insights into maintaining genome stability during replication stress.