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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Behavioral Pathways Through Cross-Species Insights in Foraging and Communication

Author Spotlight: Exploring Behavioral Pathways Through Cross-Species Insights in Foraging and Communication

Published on: November 17, 2023

Multi-species societies.

Kristin Andrews^1,2, Christopher Kelty^1,3, Kulbhushansingh Suryawanshi^1,4,5

¹CIFAR Fellow in Future Flourishing Program, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences

|April 3, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mixed-species animal groups can be considered societies, challenging traditional definitions. This suggests individuals may belong to multiple societies, structured by social norms.

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Area of Science:

Community ecology
Anthropology
Ethnoprimatology

Background:

Mixed-species animal groups are recognized across ecological and anthropological studies.
Existing definitions of "society" may not fully encompass these complex interspecies interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate if mixed-species animal groups fit Moffett's definition of society.
To explore the implications of classifying mixed-species groups as societies.

Main Methods:

Analysis of existing research from community ecology, anthropology, and ethnoprimatology.
Application of Moffett's societal definition to observed mixed-species animal groups.

Main Results:

Moffett's definition of society can be extended to include mixed-species animal groups.
The existence of mixed-species societies implies that societies are organized by social norms.

Conclusions:

Mixed-species animal groups meet the criteria for being considered societies.
Individuals may commonly participate in multiple societies simultaneously.
Societal structures are influenced by social norms, even in interspecies contexts.