Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

Connective Tissue Cell Types

Connective Tissue Cell Types

Connective tissue develops from the mesoderm of a developing embryo and consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance: a gel-like material containing large complexes of carbohydrates and proteins. Connective tissue was first identified as a separate tissue family in the 18th century, and Johannes Peter Muller coined the term connective tissue.
Fat cells (adipocytes), smooth muscle cells (myoblasts), and bone cells (osteoblasts) are some connective tissue cell types. Some immune system cells...

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Hair Cells

Hair Cells

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.

The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

RIBOFLAVIN deficiency in rheumatic Diseases: A call for clinical trials.

Rheumatology and immunology research·2026

Same author

Polyarteritis nodosa and antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of a rare and challenging overlap between vasculitis and thrombotic vasculopathy.

Clinical rheumatology·2026

Same author

Antidotes in Homeopathy: Classical Doctrine, Clinical Relevance and Scientific Re-interpretation.

Homeopathy : the journal of the Faculty of Homeopathy·2026

Same author

Hydroxychloroquine as an Adjunct Therapy for Secondary Thrombosis Prevention in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Rheumatology and therapy·2026

Same author

Characterization of Immunolocalization of IP3R-1 in Skin Epithelium and its Changes in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: An Immuno-Histochemical and Clinical-Pathological Study.

Indian dermatology online journal·2026

Same author

Turner syndrome as a state of increased autoimmune susceptibility: evidence from rheumatic diseases.

Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2025

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Published on: January 25, 2016

Hearing Loss in Connective Tissue Diseases: A Systematic Review.

Thelma L Skare¹, Jozélio Freire de Carvalho²

¹Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Evangélico Mackenzie, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.

European Journal of Rheumatology

|April 3, 2025

Summary

Hearing loss is common in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTD). This systematic review found sensorineural hearing loss, particularly at high frequencies, is more prevalent in CTD individuals.

More Related Videos

Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages

Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages

Published on: April 11, 2025

Modified Experimental Conditions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice and Assessment of Hearing Function and Outer Hair Cell Damage

Modified Experimental Conditions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice and Assessment of Hearing Function and Outer Hair Cell Damage

Published on: February 10, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2025

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Published on: January 25, 2016

Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages

Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages

Published on: April 11, 2025

Modified Experimental Conditions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice and Assessment of Hearing Function and Outer Hair Cell Damage

Modified Experimental Conditions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice and Assessment of Hearing Function and Outer Hair Cell Damage

Published on: February 10, 2023

Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Otolaryngology
Immunology

Background:

Systemic autoimmune disorders, known as connective tissue diseases (CTD), can affect various organs.
Hearing loss (HL) is a recognized potential complication in patients with CTD.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the existing literature on the association between connective tissue diseases and ear involvement.
To synthesize findings on the prevalence and characteristics of hearing loss in CTD patients.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases.
The search covered articles published from 1966 to June 2023, adhering to PRISM guidelines.
Seventy-nine relevant studies were selected for analysis, covering various CTDs including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma.

Main Results:

The majority of reviewed studies indicated a higher incidence of hearing loss in patients with CTD compared to control groups.
Hearing loss in CTD patients was predominantly of the sensorineural type.
The hearing impairment was frequently observed at high frequencies, with varied associations to clinical features and autoantibody profiles.

Conclusions:

Sensorineural hearing loss is a common finding in individuals diagnosed with connective tissue diseases.
Awareness of this audiological complication is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective management strategies in CTD patients.