Rapid Weight Loss Across Combat Sports and the Relationships Between Methods and Magnitude

Area of Science:

• Sports Science
• Exercise Physiology
• Combat Sports Nutrition

Background:

• Rapid weight loss (RWL) is prevalent in combat sports (CS) for weight category adherence.
• Understanding the methods and their association with weight loss magnitude is crucial for athlete health and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

• To examine RWL habits in various CS.
• To determine the relationship between RWL methods and the magnitude of weight loss.
• To identify risk factors associated with extreme RWL practices.

Main Methods:

• Online survey administered to 256 competitors across boxing, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Muay Thai/kickboxing (MT/KB), wrestling, MMA, judo, taekwondo, and karate.
• Data collected on weight loss habits, methods used, and magnitude of weight loss.
• Statistical analysis to compare RWL practices and magnitudes across different CS and competitive levels.

Main Results:

• RWL typically begins in the early 20s, with athletes practicing it ~3 times/year.
• MT/KB and MMA athletes achieved greater weight loss magnitudes compared to other CS.
• Wrestlers showed higher prevalence of meal skipping/fasting; higher-level athletes engaged in larger RWL.
• Body fluid manipulation methods (e.g., sauna, fluid restriction) correlated with greater weight loss, especially within 24 hours of weigh-in.

Conclusions:

• Larger weight cuts are linked to higher-risk strategies, potentially more common in younger athletes starting RWL.
• Certain high-risk methods are associated with an increased likelihood of disordered eating behaviors.
• Recommendations include promoting smaller weight cuts and earlier weight management strategies to mitigate risks.