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Brain Waves

Brain Waves

Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:

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A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

EEG time-frequency dynamics of early cognitive control development.

Santiago Morales¹, George A Buzzell²

¹Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

|April 3, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores how brain activity, specifically midfrontal theta and delta oscillations, develops to support cognitive control in children. These brain signals help detect when control is needed and implement it for goal-directed behavior.

Keywords:

Cognitive control EEG Neural oscillations, development Theta Time-frequency

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

Published on: April 9, 2014

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology
Cognitive Science

Background:

Cognitive control is vital for goal-directed behavior and overall development.
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a key tool for studying cognitive control in young populations.
Understanding the neural basis of cognitive control development is crucial for identifying developmental risks.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the emergence and development of neural dynamics underlying cognitive control in infants and children.
To examine the role of electroencephalography (EEG) measures, particularly time-frequency analyses, in studying cognitive control.
To explore the link between neural markers of cognitive control and early life experiences or psychopathology risk.

Main Methods:

Focus on electroencephalography (EEG) measures, specifically time-frequency analyses.
Review of existing studies examining cognitive control in infants and children.
Analysis of midfrontal theta and delta oscillations and their connectivity patterns.

Main Results:

Midfrontal theta and delta oscillations are involved in detecting the need for cognitive control, with signal strength increasing from infancy through adolescence.
Theta band connectivity between midfrontal and lateral-frontal cortices supports control instantiation from early childhood.
Midfrontal theta power in infancy is linked to control instantiation and shows sensitivity to early experience and psychopathology risk.

Conclusions:

Time-frequency analyses of EEG effectively capture distinct components of cognitive control: detection and instantiation.
Neural dynamics of cognitive control mature throughout childhood and adolescence.
Individual differences in midfrontal theta offer a neural mechanism linking early adversity to psychopathology.