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Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2025

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Advances in CAR optimization strategies based on CD28.

Sijin Li^1,2,3, Yusi Zhou^1,2,3, Hairong Wang^1,2,3

¹Country Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.

Frontiers in Immunology

|April 4, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy shows promise but faces challenges. Optimizing CD28 co-stimulatory domains in CAR-T cells can improve anti-tumor efficacy and reduce side effects for better cancer treatment.

Keywords:

CAR CD28 adoptive immune cell therapy cancer therapy co-stimulatory molecules

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Biotechnology

Background:

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a rapidly advancing cancer treatment.
Second-generation CAR-T cells utilize co-stimulatory domains for activation and function.
CD28-based co-stimulation in CAR-T cells, while potent, is associated with relapse, durability issues, and adverse events.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the characteristics and roles of CD28 in CAR-T cell anti-tumor signaling.
To explore strategies for enhancing CAR-T cell efficacy by optimizing CD28 motifs.
To provide a theoretical basis for improving CAR-T cell therapy and reducing side effects.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on CAR-T cell therapy and CD28 co-stimulation.
Analysis of strategies involving CD28 signaling motif mutations.
Examination of modifications to other CAR components beyond co-stimulation.

Main Results:

CD28 co-stimulatory molecules are crucial for CAR-T cell activation and anti-tumor function.
Mutating CD28 signaling motifs and modifying CAR structures show potential for enhanced anti-tumor activity.
Optimization strategies aim to improve efficacy and mitigate adverse reactions associated with CAR-T therapy.

Conclusions:

Optimizing CD28 motifs and CAR structures is a promising avenue for improving CAR-T cell therapy.
Further research can lead to more effective and safer CAR-T cell treatments for cancer.
This review provides a foundation for developing next-generation CAR-T cell therapies.