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Updated: May 16, 2025

A Chronic Autoimmune Dry Eye Rat Model with Increase in Effector Memory T Cells in Eyeball Tissue
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Dry eye and systemic diseases.

Andrea Leonardi1, Antonio Di Zazzo2,3, Francesco Cutrupi2

  • 1Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.

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|April 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Dry eye disease (DED) involves tear film instability and ocular surface damage. This review explores how systemic conditions, like autoimmune and rheumatological disorders, significantly contribute to DED development and management.

Keywords:
AutoimmunitySjögren’s syndrome hormonal dysfunctiondry eye diseasesystemic diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Systemic Disease Interactions

Background:

  • Dry eye disease (DED) is characterized by tear film instability and reduced tear production, leading to ocular surface damage.
  • Hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and apoptosis contribute to keratitis and other DED manifestations.
  • While DED appears ocular, numerous systemic and ocular risk factors are implicated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between dry eye disease (DED) and various systemic disorders.
  • To highlight the role of systemic conditions in the initiation and perpetuation of DED.
  • To emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly with rheumatologists, for DED management.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of literature.
  • Identification and analysis of systemic conditions associated with DED.
  • Exploration of independent and interacting causative factors.

Main Results:

  • Systemic diseases including autoimmune, hormonal, metabolic, infectious, and psychological conditions are linked to DED.
  • Aging and external factors also play a role in DED.
  • Rheumatological disorders show a strong association with dry eye.

Conclusions:

  • Dry eye disease (DED) is frequently associated with systemic conditions.
  • Understanding these systemic links is crucial for comprehensive DED diagnosis and treatment.
  • Collaboration between ophthalmologists and specialists like rheumatologists is vital for effective patient care.