Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Dietary Connections01:23

Dietary Connections

49.7K
In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
49.7K
Optimal Foraging00:48

Optimal Foraging

11.9K
How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.
11.9K
Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

16.0K
Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
16.0K
Characteristics of Life01:23

Characteristics of Life

220.2K
Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. The field's scope is extensive and divided into several specialized disciplines, such as anatomy, physiology, ethology, genetics, and many more. All living things share a few key traits, including cellular organization, heritable genetic material and the ability to adapt/evolve, metabolism to regulate energy needs, the...
220.2K
Trophic Levels01:35

Trophic Levels

30.5K
All organisms in an ecosystem occupy a trophic level in the food chain. The lowest level consists of primary producers, which synthesize their food from either solar or chemical energy. Each subsequent level obtains energy from the levels below. Detritivores can occupy any of the levels above primary producers.
30.5K
What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

113.9K
Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
113.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Peripheral blood cells as prognostic markers in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with cemiplimab as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy.

Cancer treatment and research communications·2025
Same author

Gender Inequity in Institutional Leadership Roles in US Academic Medical Centers: A Systematic Scoping Review.

JAMA network open·2025
Same author

A CHip off the old block.

Science immunology·2024
Same author

Promoting (and targeting) alternative expression.

Science immunology·2024
Same author

Everything everywhere all at once.

Science immunology·2023
Same author

Macs-imizing sepsis protection.

Science immunology·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2025

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents
09:10

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents

Published on: November 1, 2019

10.5K

They are what they eat.

Asha Pillai1

  • 1Regeneron Cell Medicines, Regeneron Therapeutics, Tarrytown, NY, USA.

Science Immunology
|April 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The survival of ingested bacterial pathogens changes macrophage metabolic activity and cytokine release. This impacts the immune response to infection.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Macrophages are key immune cells involved in pathogen clearance.
  • Bacterial viability is crucial for initiating host-pathogen interactions.
  • Metabolic reprogramming and cytokine secretion are critical macrophage functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the viability of ingested bacterial pathogens affects macrophage metabolic programs.
  • To determine the impact of viable bacterial pathogens on macrophage cytokine secretion.

Main Methods:

  • Macrophage cell cultures were exposed to viable and non-viable bacterial pathogens.
  • Metabolic activity was assessed using metabolic flux analysis.
  • Cytokine secretion profiles were analyzed using multiplex assays.

More Related Videos

Quantification of Macronutrients Intake in a Thermogenetic Neuronal Screen using Drosophila Larvae
07:24

Quantification of Macronutrients Intake in a Thermogenetic Neuronal Screen using Drosophila Larvae

Published on: June 11, 2020

3.6K
Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats
05:57

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Published on: June 27, 2014

13.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2025

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents
09:10

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents

Published on: November 1, 2019

10.5K
Quantification of Macronutrients Intake in a Thermogenetic Neuronal Screen using Drosophila Larvae
07:24

Quantification of Macronutrients Intake in a Thermogenetic Neuronal Screen using Drosophila Larvae

Published on: June 11, 2020

3.6K
Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats
05:57

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Published on: June 27, 2014

13.1K

Main Results:

  • Viable bacterial pathogens significantly altered macrophage metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Ingested viable bacteria induced distinct cytokine secretion profiles compared to non-viable bacteria, with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  • Macrophage metabolic reprogramming correlated with altered cytokine production.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial pathogen viability is a critical factor influencing macrophage function.
  • Viable pathogens induce significant metabolic and secretory changes in macrophages, impacting the immune response.
  • Targeting pathogen viability may be a strategy to modulate macrophage responses during infection.