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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

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Microarray patch vaccines for typhoid conjugate vaccines: A global cost-effectiveness analysis.

Marina Antillon¹, Anna Verjans¹, Fayad El Sheikh²

¹Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P. O. Box, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.

|April 4, 2025

Summary

The novel typhoid conjugate vaccine microarray patch (TCV-MAP) could avert millions of cases and deaths. TCV-MAPs show cost-effectiveness, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, with regional rollouts offering significant value.

Keywords:

Cost-effectiveness Economic evaluation Microarray patches Modeling Typhoid conjugate vaccine Value proposition.

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Area of Science:

Global Health
Vaccinology
Health Economics

Background:

The current typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) administered via needle and syringe (TCV-N&S) faces coverage limitations in hard-to-reach populations.
A novel typhoid conjugate vaccine presentation, the microarray patch (TCV-MAP), is under development to potentially improve vaccine delivery and coverage.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of TCV-MAPs compared to TCV-N&S alone.
To assess the impact of TCV-MAPs on health outcomes and healthcare costs across 133 low- to upper-middle-income countries.

Main Methods:

A global extended cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from a healthcare perspective over 20 years (2033-2052).
The analysis considered TCV-MAP costs 1.33 to 3 times higher than TCV-N&S.
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated and compared against cost-effectiveness thresholds, with subnational analyses performed for five countries.

Main Results:

National rollout of TCV-MAPs could avert an additional 5.2 million cases, 47,000 deaths, and 2.4 million DALYs compared to TCV-N&S alone, at an additional cost of US$3.5 billion.
TCV-MAPs demonstrated cost-effectiveness in 33% of countries studied, rising to 78% in sub-Saharan Africa.
Subnational implementation of TCV-MAPs could avert 2-15% of cases for less than 1-3% of the additional cost compared to a national rollout, improving value.

Conclusions:

TCV-MAPs present a potentially cost-effective strategy for increasing typhoid conjugate vaccine coverage, particularly in resource-limited settings.
The price of TCV-MAPs is a critical factor; lower prices and strategic regional or subnational implementation enhance their value proposition.
Targeted TCV-MAP deployment can significantly improve public health outcomes and reduce disease burden, especially in high-incidence regions like sub-Saharan Africa.