Emerging biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Metabolic Diseases
• Public Health

Background:

• Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels.
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form, affecting approximately 95% of cases globally.
• Rising T2DM prevalence in younger populations is linked to obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and poor nutrition, with over 50% of cases potentially undiagnosed.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review traditional biomarkers for diabetes mellitus.
• To highlight the development of novel and effective biomarkers for early and precise diagnosis.
• To emphasize the need for integrated biomarker approaches to overcome individual limitations.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of traditional diagnostic markers for diabetes.
• Exploration of emerging biomarkers for T2DM detection.
• Analysis of the diagnostic challenges and future directions in diabetes screening.

Main Results:

• Traditional biomarkers exist but have limitations for early detection.
• Ongoing research focuses on novel biomarkers for improved diagnostic accuracy.
• Integrating multiple biomarkers is crucial for comprehensive screening.

Conclusions:

• Early detection of T2DM is critical for preventing severe complications like nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease.
• The pursuit of novel biomarkers aims for earlier, more precise, and prompt diagnoses.
• A multi-marker strategy is essential for effective T2DM screening and management.