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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Percolative sulfide core formation in oxidized planetary bodies.

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Planetary core formation may involve sulfide melts migrating before rock melting, especially in oxidized bodies. This process explains noble metal distributions in meteorites and suggests sulfide cores for planets like Mars.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Mineral Physics

Background:

  • Planetary core formation models typically assume metal-silicate separation after silicate melting.
  • Oxidized conditions and abundant sulfur favor iron-nickel sulfide stability over metal.
  • This is particularly relevant for bodies forming in the outer solar system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate percolative sulfide melt migration in primitive, oxidized mineral assemblages.
  • To determine the role of sulfide fractionation in noble metal distribution.
  • To assess implications for the core composition of oxidized planetary bodies.

Main Methods:

  • Partial melting experiments using meteorite samples.
  • Experiments with partially molten synthetic sulfides.
  • Analysis of noble metal (Os, Ru, Ir, Pd, Pt) trace element proportions.

Main Results:

  • Percolative sulfide melt migration observed in primitive, oxidized mineral assemblages prior to silicate melting.
  • Fractionation of liquid sulfide from solid residues yields distinct noble metal proportions.
  • These proportions match those found in oxidized meteoritic residues (brachinites) and their complementary melts.

Conclusions:

  • Provides robust evidence for percolative sulfide melt fractionation in meteorites.
  • Suggests that sulfide-dominated cores are expected in oxidized planetary bodies.
  • This mechanism offers a new perspective on planetary core formation, including for Mars.