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Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

Heart Sounds

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V)...

Larynx

Larynx

The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids,...

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Synthetic, Multi-Layer, Self-Oscillating Vocal Fold Model Fabrication

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The Pediatric Vocal Mechanism: Structure and Function.

Robert Brinton Fujiki¹, Anumitha Venkatraman², Elizabeth S Heller Murray³

¹Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.

Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation

|April 5, 2025

Summary

Understanding pediatric voice disorders requires knowledge of typical laryngeal development. This review details childhood laryngeal anatomy, voice measures, and risk factors for voice disorders, aiding diagnosis and future research.

Keywords:

Pediatric voice—Acoustics—Aerodynamics—Children

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Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Synthetic, Multi-Layer, Self-Oscillating Vocal Fold Model Fabrication

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Published on: December 2, 2011

Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor

Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor

Published on: August 1, 2014

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions

Published on: November 25, 2017

Area of Science:

Pediatric Otolaryngology
Speech-Language Pathology
Developmental Anatomy

Background:

The pediatric vocal mechanism is complex and distinct from adults.
Accurate knowledge of typical laryngeal structure and function is vital for treating childhood voice disorders.
Specific data on pediatric voices can be challenging to obtain.

Purpose of the Study:

To review key aspects of vocal function across childhood.
To enhance the diagnosis of pediatric voice disorders.
To identify areas for future research in pediatric voice.

Main Methods:

Review of laryngeal anatomical structure development in children.
Analysis of quantitative voice measures throughout childhood.
Examination of voice disorder risk factors across pediatric age groups.
Consideration of the impact of dysphonia on children's quality of life.

Main Results:

Detailed description of laryngeal anatomical changes during childhood.
Presentation of normative quantitative voice data across developmental stages.
Identification of age-specific risk factors for pediatric voice disorders.
Exploration of how voice disorders affect quality of life in children.

Conclusions:

A comprehensive understanding of pediatric vocal development is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
This review consolidates critical information on pediatric laryngeal anatomy, voice measures, and disorder risks.
Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps in pediatric voice function and its impact.