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Surface engineering on bulk Cu₂O for efficient electrosynthesis of urea.

Zechuan Dai¹, Yanxu Chen¹, Huaikun Zhang¹

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Summary

Electrochemical urea synthesis using carbon dioxide and nitrate co-reduction was achieved. This novel Cu/Cu2O catalyst offers an energy-efficient pathway for urea production with high rates and efficiency.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Electrochemical urea synthesis is a promising energy-efficient alternative.
Achieving high production rates and Faradaic efficiency simultaneously remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an energy-favorable electrochemical C-N coupling pathway for urea synthesis.
To investigate the co-reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrate at Cu/Cu2O heterointerfaces.

Main Methods:

In-situ electrochemical engineering of bulk Cu2O to create Cu/Cu2O microparticle heterointerfaces.
Operando synchrotron radiation-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Theoretical calculations.

Main Results:

Achieved a urea production rate of 632.1 μg h⁻¹mgcat.⁻¹ with 42.3% Faradaic efficiency at -0.3 V (vs RHE).
Identified the coupling of NOH* and CO* intermediates at the heterointerfaces.
Demonstrated the benefit of modified electronic structure at the catalyst's heterointerfaces.

Conclusions:

The Cu/Cu2O heterointerfaces facilitate efficient electrochemical urea synthesis.
This work provides a practical route for catalyst design in urea electrosynthesis.
Insights into the reaction mechanism at the catalyst surface were gained.