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Updated: May 17, 2025

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function
Published on: March 15, 2022
Percutaneous coronary intervention for calcified and resistant lesions
Gabriele Pesarini1, Farrel Hellig2,3, Ashok Seth4
1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
None:
Relevant calcified coronary artery disease (CCAD) may be present in around 20% of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions, and it is known to add procedural challenges and risks. Careful patient selection and specific expertise in multimodality imaging and plaque modification techniques are required to plan and adopt the most appropriate therapeutic strategy. This review aims to present the contemporary clinical approach and procedural planning for CCAD patients, describing the available tools and strategies in view of the most recent scientific evidence.

