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A Novel 3D Printed Multi-Material Simulator for Endoscopic Stapes Surgery: The "3D Stapes Trainer".

Giulia Molinari1,2, Nicolas Emiliani3, Laura Cercenelli3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

The Laryngoscope
|April 7, 2025
PubMed
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A novel 3D-printed simulator for endoscopic stapes surgery (SS) was developed and validated. This patient-specific model offers valuable training for surgeons, enhancing visuomotor skills and confidence in this complex procedure.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Surgical Simulation
  • 3D Printing Technology

Background:

  • Endoscopic stapes surgery (SS) is technically demanding.
  • A lack of reliable training platforms for SS exists.
  • Patient-specific simulators can enhance surgical training.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a 3D-printed, patient-specific simulator for endoscopic stapes surgery.
  • To provide a realistic training platform for the external and middle ear affected by stapes fixation.
  • To address the need for improved training in a challenging surgical procedure.

Main Methods:

  • A 3D model was created from patient CT scan data.
  • The simulator was produced using material jetting 3D printing.
Keywords:
3D printingendoscopic ear surgerysimulationstapes surgerysurgical training

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  • Eight participants performed simulated SS, evaluated with Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) and feedback questionnaires.

    • Main Results:

    • Seven of eight participants successfully completed the simulated SS (mean time: 24 min).
    • 75% of participants achieved acceptable OSATS scores (>20).
    • Positive feedback on tactile feedback for stapes fixation; chorda tympani fragility noted. Simulator valued for visuomotor coordination.

    Conclusions:

    • The 3D Stapes Trainer is a promising platform for endoscopic SS training.
    • The simulator provides a high-fidelity training experience for developing surgical skills.
    • It offers a valuable tool for young surgeons to gain confidence in endoscopic SS procedures.