Biological Correlates of Dissociative Disorders: A Systematic Review on Biomarkers and Trauma Connections

Pathological dissociation is characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, perception, and affect, often linked to trauma and observed across various psychiatric conditions. Previous reviews do not fully cover key biological correlates used as biomarkers and do not clearly define the trauma-dissociation link. Therefore, this systematic review gives an overview of the studies on biomarkers research of the most relevant findings in associations between dissociative disorders and biological correlates. Additionally, it seeks to explore potential links between specific trauma types and recurrent biomarkers. A total of 123 studies were included, highlighting the role of increased prefrontal cortex activation and reduced hippocampal volume as potential biomarkers for pathological dissociation. Altered connectivity in the limbic system, frequently tied to childhood trauma, further underscores the neurobiological basis of dissociative symptoms. Biochemical and genetic studies, while promising, present inconsistent results and require further validation. This review underscores the importance of identifying reliable biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy, inform personalized treatment strategies, and monitor therapeutic responses. Future research should aim to unify methodologies and explore novel approaches to enhance clinical applications.