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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

10.1K
Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat...
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Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids01:24

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids

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Although it is possible to reduce a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde, strong reducing agents, like lithium aluminum hydride (LAH), prohibit a controlled reduction, instead causing the generated aldehyde to instantly over-reduce to a primary alcohol.
Reducing carboxylic acid derivatives like acyl chlorides (RCOCl), esters (RCO2R′), and nitriles (RCN) using milder aluminum hydride agents like lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride [LiAlH(O-t-Bu)3] and diisobutylaluminum hydride [DIBAL-H]...
3.3K
Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

9.0K
Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal,...
9.0K
Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction01:09

Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction

4.3K
Wolff–Kishner reduction involves converting aldehydes and ketones to alkanes using hydrazine and a base. The reaction converts a carbonyl group to a methylene group. The method was independently discovered by N. Kishner in 1911 and L. Wolff in 1912. The reduction is carried out in high-boiling solvents such as ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol because heat is required to deprotonate the N–H proton in one of the reaction steps.             ...
4.3K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

3.3K
Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
3.3K
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

2.6K
Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
2.6K

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CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light
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Direct Carbonate Reduction on Sn Oxide Surface.

Jun Wang1, Lijuan Chen1, Lan Huang2,3

  • 1School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.

Chemsuschem
|April 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Directly reducing carbonate (CO3 2-) to valuable chemicals is efficient. Oxygen vacancies on SnO2 surfaces enhance CO3 2- adsorption and reduction, enabling continuous CO production.

Keywords:
Raman spectroscopySn oxidecarbonate reductionfloating electrodespulsed electrolysis

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Direct electrochemical reduction of carbonate (CO3 2-) offers a pathway for CO2 utilization.
  • Effective adsorption of CO3 2- as a reactive intermediate is crucial for efficient reduction.
  • SnO2-based materials are explored for electrochemical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of oxygen vacancies on SnO2 surfaces for carbonate adsorption and reduction.
  • To demonstrate the direct electrochemical conversion of carbonate to carbon monoxide (CO).

Main Methods:

  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study surface reactivity.
  • Operando electrochemical Raman spectroscopy for in-situ analysis.
  • Pulsed electrolysis with a gas diffusion electrode configuration.

Main Results:

  • DFT calculations revealed enhanced CO3 2- adsorption on SnO2 with oxygen vacancies (VO).
  • Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of adsorbed carbonate (*CO3) on SnO2-xVO surfaces.
  • Electrolysis successfully converted CO3 2- to CO at a constant flow rate.

Conclusions:

  • Oxygen vacancies on SnO2 significantly promote carbonate adsorption and subsequent electrochemical reduction.
  • A continuous reduction cycle involving SnO2 reduction, CO3 2- conversion, and SnO2 regeneration is feasible.
  • This work presents a viable strategy for direct carbonate reduction to CO.