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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

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Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature...
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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
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Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2025

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
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Temperature Sensitivity of a Thorium-229 Solid-State Nuclear Clock.

Jacob S Higgins1, Tian Ooi1, Jack F Doyle1

  • 1University of Colorado, NIST, JILA, and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|April 7, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers measured temperature-dependent shifts in thorium-229 nuclear transitions within a calcium fluoride crystal. One transition shows minimal shift, indicating potential for stable solid-state optical clocks.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear spectroscopy
  • Quantum clocks
  • Solid-state physics

Background:

  • Quantum state-resolved spectroscopy of the low-energy thorium-229 nuclear transition has been achieved.
  • Five electric quadrupole transitions were measured to kilohertz precision in a calcium fluoride host crystal.
  • Understanding systematic shifts, like temperature dependence, is crucial for solid-state nuclear clock performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure the temperature dependence of thorium-229 nuclear transitions.
  • To investigate shifts in unsplit frequency and electric quadrupole splittings.
  • To identify promising transitions for future solid-state optical clock applications.

Main Methods:

  • Spectroscopic measurement of four strongest thorium-229 transitions.
  • Experiments conducted in a calcium fluoride crystal at 150 K, 229 K, and 293 K.
  • Analysis of frequency shifts related to electron density and electric field gradients.

Main Results:

  • Observed temperature-dependent shifts in frequency and quadrupole splittings.
  • Decreases in electron density, electric field gradient, and asymmetry with increasing temperature.
  • The m=±5/2→±3/2 transition exhibited a small shift of 62(6) kHz over the temperature range (approx. 0.4 kHz/K).

Conclusions:

  • The minimal temperature dependence of the m=±5/2→±3/2 transition makes it a strong candidate for solid-state optical clocks.
  • Achieving 10^-18 precision necessitates crystal temperature stability within 5 μK.
  • Further research into nuclear clocks and systematic shift mitigation is warranted.