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Related Concept Videos

Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration01:02

Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration

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The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, starts with glomerular filtration and results in urine formation. Each kidney houses millions of functional units called nephrons, where urine production occurs. A nephron has two main components: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
Drugs gain access to the kidney via the renal artery, which progressively branches off into afferent arterioles....
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Renal Clearance01:23

Renal Clearance

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The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a critical marker of kidney function, reflecting the efficiency of filtration by the glomeruli. Renal clearance of specific substances, such as inulin or creatinine, is commonly used to measure GFR.
Renal clearance refers to the volume of plasma cleared of a specific substance, such as creatinine, per unit of time. To measure clearance, urine samples are collected over a 24-hour period during each bladder voiding, followed by a single blood sample at the...
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Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment

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Renal dysfunction significantly impairs the renal clearance of drugs, leading to potential complications in drug therapy. Renal failure, which can be caused by various factors, poses a significant challenge in the elimination of drugs from the body.
One condition associated with renal failure is uremia. Uremia is characterized by impaired glomerular filtration and fluid accumulation in the body. This condition hinders the renal clearance of drugs, resulting in drug accumulation and potential...
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Determination of Renal Drug Clearance: Graphical and Midpoint Methods01:07

Determination of Renal Drug Clearance: Graphical and Midpoint Methods

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Renal clearance, a crucial parameter in pharmacokinetics, can be determined using two different methods: the graphical method and the midpoint method. These methods provide insights into the rate of drug excretion by the kidneys and aid in assessing renal function.
The graphical method involves plotting the rate of drug excretion in urine against the plasma drug concentration. By analyzing the graph, the clearance can be calculated and obtained. Drugs rapidly excreted by the kidneys exhibit a...
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Renal Drug Clearance: Comparison Between Renal Excretion Methods01:08

Renal Drug Clearance: Comparison Between Renal Excretion Methods

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Renal clearance is a critical parameter encompassing kidney filtration, secretion, and reabsorption processes. It is calculated using a specific equation to determine the rate at which the kidneys clear a drug.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2025

A High-throughput Method for Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Conscious Mice
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AI-based automatic estimation of single-kidney glomerular filtration rate and split renal function using non-contrast

Yiwei Wang1, Feng Xu2, Qiuyue Han3

  • 1Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.

Insights Into Imaging
|April 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Artificial intelligence (AI) with non-contrast CT can estimate single-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and split renal function (SRF) in patients with kidney conditions. This approach offers a feasible alternative to SPECT, reducing radiation exposure and costs.

Keywords:
Deep learningNon-contrast CTRadiomicsRenal function

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Renal Function Assessment

Background:

  • Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is currently used for renal function assessment but is limited by radioactivity, complexity, and cost.
  • There is a need for alternative, efficient, and cost-effective methods to measure kidney function, particularly split renal function (SRF) and single-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate artificial intelligence (AI) models using non-contrast computed tomography (CT) for estimating single-kidney GFR and SRF.
  • To address the limitations of SPECT by offering a potentially safer, faster, and more economical method for renal function assessment in patients with atrophic kidney or hydronephrosis.

Main Methods:

  • Deep learning was employed for automatic segmentation of renal parenchyma and hydronephrosis regions in non-contrast CT scans from 245 patients across two centers.
  • Radiomic features and clinical data were integrated using multivariable linear regression (MLR) to derive radiomics-clinical-estimated GFR (rcGFR).
  • SRF was estimated (rcphSRF) by combining single-kidney rcGFR, percent renal parenchymal volume, and percent renal hydronephrosis volume using MLR.

Main Results:

  • Deep learning-based automatic segmentation significantly reduced segmentation time by 434.6 times compared to manual methods.
  • Estimated single-kidney GFR (rcGFR) showed strong correlation with SPECT measurements (r=0.75, MAE=10.66 mL/min/1.73 m², CCC=0.70).
  • Estimated split renal function (rcphSRF) demonstrated high agreement with SPECT (r=0.92, MAE=7.87%, CCC=0.88).

Conclusions:

  • Non-contrast CT combined with AI provides a feasible and efficient method for estimating single-kidney GFR and SRF in patients with atrophic kidney or hydronephrosis.
  • The proposed AI-driven approach minimizes radiation exposure, enhances diagnostic efficiency, and reduces costs compared to traditional SPECT imaging.
  • The study validates the potential of AI in revolutionizing renal function assessment, offering a promising alternative for clinical practice.