Ensemble coding of crowd facial emotion in Internet gaming disorder under the emotional interference condition: An...

Existing research on facial emotion processing in Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has focused on single facial expression but little is known about crowd facial emotion (present multiple facial expressions simultaneously) ensemble coding. Thus, this event-related potential (ERP) study aimed to investigate temporal dynamics of crowd facial emotion ensemble coding under interference in IGD.

17 IGD and 17 control group (CG) participants completed a task of extracting mean emotion from crowd facial expressions under emotional interference while electroencephalographic activity was recorded.

The N170 amplitudes elicited by crowd facial expressions in IGD were significantly smaller than in CG. Angry crowd faces evoked larger N170 amplitudes than happy crowd faces in IGD. Happy crowd faces elicited more negative early posterior negativity (EPN) amplitudes than angry crowd faces in CG, while no difference was found in IGD. In the later ensemble coding stage, we found a significant three-way interaction between the group, emotional valence and interference in the frontal negative slow wave component.

IGD participants exhibited weaker ensemble coding ability of crowd facial expressions. They showed an automatic processing bias towards angry crowd faces in the early stage, as well as insensitivity to happy crowd faces in the subsequent selective processing stage during mean emotion extraction. In the later stage, IGD participants failed to actively adopt appropriate cognitive strategies to inhibit interference. This study first provided electrophysiological evidence for the characteristics of crowd facial emotion ensemble coding in IGD and contributed to clarifying how IGD affects social cognition.