Innovation in venlafaxine detection: Development and application of electroanalytical method using a boron-doped...

Venlafaxine hydrochloride (VEN) is a commonly used antidepressant that acts on monoamines, helping to regulate and enhance neurotransmitter levels in the body. However, due to its widespread use, VEN has been classified as an emerging contaminant, raising significant environmental concerns because of the risks it poses to ecosystems. In this context, we propose the development of a simple and rapid electroanalytical method for determining VEN, validated against the results obtained using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method. The electroanalytical method employed batch injection analysis with amperometric detection (BIA-AMP) and a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode as the working electrode. The linear concentration range achieved was 8.30-277.40 μg L^-1 (0,029 to 1.00 μmol L^-1), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.03 μg L^-1 (3.71 nmol L^-1). The UHPLC-MS/MS method provided a linear concentration range of 7.00-1000 ng L^-1 (0.025-3.60 nmol L^-1) and a LOD of 7.0 ng L^-1 (0.025 nmol L^-1). Spiking and recovery studies demonstrated that VEN can be accurately determined using these analytical methods without significant matrix effects. The BIA-AMP method demonstrates a more environmentally friendly profile compared to UHPLC-MS/MS, as assessed using the AGREE software. It is simple, rapid (22 determinations per hour), does not require organic and/or toxic solvents, consumes less energy, and allows for the possibility of reliable analyses.