Blade-Coating with Engineered Evaporation Kinetics Enables Scalable Perovskite Photovoltaics with Minimal Efficiency...

The blade-coating method has become an important technology that can be expanded to manufacture perovskite solar photovoltaics. However, the inherent conflict between rapid solvent removal and crystallization control in ambient blade-coating process fundamentally constrains the production throughput and film quality of perovskite solar modules. Here, a ternary solvent system (DMF/NMP/2-methoxyethanol) with hierarchical volatility gradients is developed, synergistically integrated with vacuum-flash evaporation to decouple nucleation and crystal growth kinetics. Specifically, 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) enables vacuum flash-induced supersaturation for templated nucleation, while NMP facilitates strain-relaxed grain coalescence, and DMF ensures optimal ink rheology. This approach yields pinhole-free films with enlarged grains under ambient conditions (T = ≈30 ± 5 °C, RH = 30 ± 10%). The blade-coated n-i-p perovskite solar cells (active area: 0.08 cm²) achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.24%, and 5 × 5 cm² mini-modules (12 cm² active area) reach 22.12%, with merely 4.8% efficiency loss upon 150 times area upscaling. The devices exhibit improved stability, retaining 90% of their initial PCE after 800 h of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) at 25 °C. The approach establishes a unified solution that addresses crystallization precision, ambient compatibility, and industrial manufacturability in perovskite photovoltaics.