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Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under reaction conditions that form radicals, providing a low but steady concentration of halogen radicals, allylic substitution reaction is favored. This is because allylic hydrogens are very reactive as the formed intermediate is resonance stabilized. For example, when propene is treated with chlorine in the gas phase at 400 °C, it undergoes allylic...

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...

Redox Reactions

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...

Types of Toxins

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

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Updated: May 15, 2025

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

Published on: June 29, 2014

Rethinking Chlorine: Essential Chemical or Replaceable Risk?

Johannes Schwan¹, Merlin Kleoff², Gesa H Dreyhsig²

¹Umweltbundesamt, Section III 2.1, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.

|April 8, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chlorine is vital in chemical production but poses risks. Innovations in chlorine-free methods and safer handling technologies like ionic liquids are paving the way for a more sustainable chemical industry.

Keywords:

chlorine environmental chemistries industrial chemistries ionic liquids sustainable chemistries

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Area of Science:

Industrial Chemistry
Green Chemistry
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Chlorine and hydrogen chloride are essential industrial chemicals used in pharmaceuticals, plastics, agrochemicals, and disinfectants.
Their inherent toxicity, handling risks, and environmental concerns necessitate a reevaluation of their industrial use and sustainability.
The chemical industry faces pressure to adopt more sustainable practices and reduce hazardous material reliance.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically review the dual role of chlorine as an essential chemical and a potential hazard.
To explore and evaluate emerging and established chlorine-free technologies.
To assess innovations offering safer handling and storage of chlorine and hydrogen chloride.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing and emerging chlorine-free technologies.
Analysis of the safety and sustainability implications of chlorine-based processes.
Examination of innovations in chemical storage and handling, specifically ionic liquids.

Main Results:

Chlorine-free alternatives exist for some applications, such as the hydrogen peroxide to propylene oxide process and phosgene-free polycarbonate production.
Ionic liquids offer safer storage and handling for chlorine and hydrogen chloride, enhancing safety and enabling renewable energy integration.
Complete replacement of chlorine is unlikely soon, but its industrial use is being redefined.

Conclusions:

Ongoing innovations in chlorine-free processes and safer technologies are crucial for a more sustainable and secure chemical industry.
The development of alternatives and safer handling methods balances industrial necessity with environmental and safety concerns.
The chemical industry is moving towards reduced reliance on hazardous materials like chlorine through technological advancements.