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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

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The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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While it is unclear how molecules move between adjacent Golgi cisternae, it is apparent that the molecules move from cis- cisterna, the entry face, to the trans- cisterna, the exit face. Experiments initially suggested vesicles that bud from one cisterna and fuse with the next cisterna to transport proteins between the cisternae. This vesicular transport model describes the Golgi apparatus as a relatively static structure with a unique enzyme composition in each cisterna. Molecules are...
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Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
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Updated: May 15, 2025

A Model Membrane Platform for Reconstituting Mitochondrial Membrane Dynamics
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Quantifying the evolutionary paths to endomembranes.

Paul E Schavemaker1, Michael Lynch1

  • 1Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.

Cell Reports
|April 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The origin of eukaryotic endomembranes was modeled quantitatively. Proto-endoplasmic reticulum provided fitness gains, suggesting it initiated the endomembrane system, unlike nutrient pinocytosis.

Keywords:
CP: Cell biologyendomembranesendoplasmic reticulumeukaryogenesisevolutionary cell biologyfitnesspinocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells possess a complex endomembrane system for protein insertion and nutrient uptake.
  • Existing verbal models of endomembrane evolution lack quantitative fitness considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply analytical models to quantitatively assess the evolutionary fitness of early endomembrane functions.
  • To determine the more likely origin of the endomembrane system: nutrient pinocytosis or membrane protein insertion.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of two analytical models based on quantitative endomembrane data.
  • Modeling vesicle-based nutrient uptake (pinocytosis) and vesicle-based membrane protein insertion (proto-endoplasmic reticulum).
  • Analysis of organismal fitness under biologically relevant parameter ranges.

Main Results:

  • Pinocytosis of small-molecule nutrients did not yield a net fitness gain within sensible biological parameters.
  • The proto-endoplasmic reticulum model demonstrated significant net fitness gains.
  • Contemporary pinocytosis is primarily utilized for protein uptake, not nutrient acquisition.

Conclusions:

  • The proto-endoplasmic reticulum is a more probable initiator of the endomembrane system due to its fitness benefits.
  • Quantitative modeling provides crucial insights into the evolution of the endomembrane system and eukaryotic cell origins.
  • The modeling approach can be extended to understand the modern endomembrane system.