Bridging the gap: Enhancing HIV care pathways for young key populations in Chad

Young key populations-sex workers and men who have sex with men (MSM)-face significant barriers to accessing HIV care in Chad due to stigma, discrimination, and socio-economic challenges. Although legal protections exist, gaps in enforcement continue to undermine care efforts. This study explored care pathways for young key populations in Chad to identify their specific challenges and propose targeted strategies to strengthen the HIV care continuum. Conducted in April 2025 in N'Djamena Chad, the qualitative study involved ten in-depth interviews with sex workers and MSM, aged 15-24 years, recruited through snowball sampling. Framework analysis revealed key themes across the HIV care continuum, specifically in testing, linkage to care, and retention in antiretroviral therapy (ART). Three major themes and 13 sub-themes emerged: (1) HIV testing and diagnosis, (2) linkage to care and ART initiation, and (3) retention in care and adherence to ART. Stigma-both externalized and internalized-was a significant barrier at every stage. Fear of disclosure, discrimination in healthcare settings, and financial constraints further hindered care engagement. Conversely, community-based awareness programs in faith-based institutions, and peer support networks were crucial in facilitating access to services. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive, multi-level approach that includes stigma-reduction training for healthcare workers, enforcement of anti-discrimination laws, targeted financial aid mechanisms, and integrated psychosocial counseling. Strengthening community-based interventions and peer-led outreach can further enhance engagement and retention, thereby improving health outcomes and reducing new infections among young key populations in Chad while aligning with global HIV targets.