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Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...

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Updated: May 30, 2026

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

From Bite to Brain: Arboviral Neuropathogenesis.

Anne Piantadosi¹, Alyssa B Evans²

¹Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

|April 8, 2025

Summary

Neuropathogenic arboviruses cause significant global health challenges due to difficult diagnosis and treatment. Understanding their pathogenesis is crucial for managing arboviral neurological diseases, especially with climate change expanding vector ranges.

Keywords:

alphavirus arbovirus flavivirus neuropathogenesis orthobunyavirus

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Published on: September 13, 2018

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Area of Science:

Arbovirology
Neurovirology
Epidemiology

Background:

Neuropathogenic arboviruses represent a significant global health burden.
Current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are limited by similar clinical presentations, lack of rapid assays, and incomplete understanding of molecular pathogenesis.
Climate change is expanding arthropod vector ranges, increasing the risk of arboviral disease outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on the pathogenesis of U.S. endemic neuropathogenic arboviruses.
To summarize epidemiology, clinical presentations, and outcomes of these infections.
To highlight challenges and future directions in managing arboviral neurological diseases.

Main Methods:

Literature review of neuropathogenic arboviruses endemic to the U.S.
Synthesis of data on viral pathogenesis mechanisms.
Compilation of epidemiological, clinical, and outcome information.

Main Results:

Detailed overview of diverse neuropathogenic arboviruses found in the U.S.
Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying arboviral neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis.
Summary of disease patterns, patient outcomes, and risk factors.

Conclusions:

Effective management of arboviral neurological diseases requires improved diagnostics and a deeper understanding of pathogenesis.
Anticipating and responding to climate change-driven shifts in vector distribution is critical for public health preparedness.
Further research into viral mechanisms and host-pathogen interactions is essential.