A beginner's approach to deep learning applied to VS and MD techniques

It has become impossible to imagine the fields of biochemistry and medicinal chemistry without computational chemistry and molecular modelling techniques. In many steps of the drug development process in silico methods have become indispensable. Virtual screening (VS) can tremendously expedite the early discovery phase, whilst the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations forms a powerful additional tool to in vitro methods throughout the entire drug discovery process. In the field of biochemistry, MD has also become a compelling method for studying biophysical systems (e.g., protein folding) complementary to experimental techniques. However, both VS and MD come with their own limitations and methodological difficulties, from hardware limitations to restrictions in algorithmic capabilities. One solution to overcoming these difficulties lies in the field of machine learning (ML), and more specifically deep learning (DL). There are many ways in which DL can be applied to these molecular modelling techniques to achieve more accurate results in a more efficient manner or expedite the data analysis of the acquired results. Despite steadily increasing interest in DL amidst computational chemists, knowledge is still limited and scattered over different resources. This review is aimed at computational chemists with knowledge of molecular modelling, who wish to possibly integrate DL approaches in their research and already have a basic understanding of the fundamentals of DL. This review focusses on a survey of recent applications of DL in molecular modelling techniques. The different sections are logically subdivided, based on where DL is integrated in the research: (1) for the improvement of VS workflows, (2) for the improvement of certain workflows in MD simulations, (3) for aiding in the calculations of interatomic forces, or (4) for data analysis of MD trajectories. It will become clear that DL has the capacity to completely transform the way molecular modelling is carried out.