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Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

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Updated: May 15, 2025

Fiber Connections of the Supplementary Motor Area Revisited: Methodology of Fiber Dissection, DTI, and Three Dimensional Documentation

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Published on: May 23, 2017

Striatal function scrutinized through the PAN-TAN-FSI triumvirate.

Paul Apicella¹, Anne-Caroline Martel¹, Kevin Marche¹

¹Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

|April 9, 2025

Summary

Investigating striatal neuron subtypes, including phasically active neurons (PANs), tonically active neurons (TANs), and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs), reveals their roles in adaptive behaviors and dysfunction. Challenges in precise neuron identification persist, highlighting the need for integrated approaches.

Keywords:

basal ganglia behavior monkey neuron types single-unit

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Behavioral Science

Background:

The striatum, a subcortical region, plays a crucial role in adaptive behavior.
Distinct neuronal subtypes within the striatum are implicated in its function and dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current understanding of striatal neuron subtypes and their functional roles in behavior.
To highlight challenges in classifying striatal neurons and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

Review of electrophysiological studies in behaving animals, primarily monkeys.
Analysis of behavior-related activities of identified striatal neuron subtypes.

Main Results:

Electrophysiological recordings have identified three main neuron subtypes: phasically active neurons (PANs), tonically active neurons (TANs), and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs).
These subtypes are tentatively linked to specific neuronal populations (e.g., PANs to spiny projection neurons).
Studies show distinct behavior-related activities for these presumed neuronal populations.

Conclusions:

Understanding striatal neuron subtypes is key to elucidating adaptive behaviors and pathological conditions.
Precise identification of striatal neurons remains a challenge.
Future research should consider electrophysiological overlap and molecular diversity for accurate neuron classification.