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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2025

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
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Autophagy machinery as exploited by viruses.

Christian Münz1, Grant R Campbell2, Audrey Esclatine3

  • 1Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich Switzerland.

Autophagy Reports
|April 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Viruses hijack autophagy, a cellular process, for replication and spread. Understanding this interaction reveals new therapeutic targets for viral diseases by modulating autophagy pathways.

Keywords:
Endosomal damageinterferonreplication organellesecretory autophagyvirophagy

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Viruses manipulate host cell pathways for replication.
  • Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a cellular catabolic process involved in degradation.
  • Autophagy plays a role in antiviral defense but is also exploited by viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anti-viral functions of autophagy.
  • To discuss viral evasion mechanisms of autophagy.
  • To explore therapeutic potential of modulating autophagy in viral infections.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on autophagy and viral interactions.
  • Analysis of viral strategies to utilize or evade autophagy machinery.
  • Discussion of molecular interactions between viruses and autophagy components.

Main Results:

  • Viruses utilize autophagy machinery for replication compartment formation and non-lytic egress.
  • Autophagy components and remodeled membranes are incorporated into viral particles for protection and transmission.
  • Viral infections reveal novel functions of autophagy beyond degradation.

Conclusions:

  • Viral manipulation of autophagy highlights its complex role in host-pathogen interactions.
  • Understanding these interactions can lead to novel therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy modulation for disease treatment.